effectively penetrates packaging materials to reach all device surfaces.

After the sterilization process, the devices are aerated to remove residual gas, as EO can be harmful if not properly removed.

2. Gamma Irradiation

• Gamma irradiation uses ionizing radiation from gamma rays to destroy microorganisms on medical devices.
• Devices are placed in specially designed containers and exposed to a controlled dosage of gamma rays.
• Gamma irradiation is effective for devices made of various materials and does not leave any chemical residue.
• However, certain materials may be sensitive to radiation and require validation to ensure their compatibility.

3. Steam Sterilization (Autoclaving)

• Steam sterilization, or autoclaving, is a common method for heat-resistant medical devices.
• The devices are placed in a chamber and exposed to high-pressure saturated steam at a specific temperature for a defined period.
• Autoclaving effectively kills microorganisms through heat and moisture.
• Proper packaging and validation are crucial to ensure that steam penetrates the packaging and reaches all device surfaces.

4. Radiation Sterilization (Electron Beam or X-ray)

• Radiation sterilization uses high-energy electron beams or X-rays to kill microorganisms on medical devices.
• Devices are exposed to a controlled dose of radiation, which disrupts the DNA of microorganisms.
• This method is suitable for devices made of plastics and other materials that can withstand radiation.
• As with gamma irradiation, certain materials may require validation for compatibility.

5. Sterile Filtration

• Sterile filtration is used for heat-sensitive or moisture-sensitive medical devices.
• The devices are passed through a membrane filter with specific pore sizes, which removes bacteria and other microorganisms.
• This method is often used for sterilizing liquids or gases used in medical devices.
• Manufacturers must ensure the filter’s integrity and validate the filtration process for effectiveness.

Medical device manufacturers carefully select the appropriate sterilization method based on the device’s characteristics and the desired level of sterility. After sterilization, the devices are carefully handled and packaged in controlled environments to maintain their sterility until they reach the end-users in healthcare facilities.